From which ancient civilization does the origin of criminal law trace back?

The origin of criminal law can be traced back to Ancient Sumeria, particularly due to the establishment of some of the earliest written codes of law, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu. This code dates back to around 2100-2050 BC and is significant because it outlines various offenses and the corresponding punishments, illustrating an early attempt to codify laws and maintain social order. This system of written laws not only helped to govern behavior but also provided a framework for accountability within the society, contributing to the development of legal principles that would influence later civilizations.

The various other ancient civilizations mentioned have certainly contributed to the evolution of legal systems and ideas, but the specific historical records from Ancient Sumeria are among the earliest known examples of a codified system of criminal law. This clearly establishes Sumeria's pivotal role in the history of legal practices.